Guides / Regulation
Status by jurisdiction
Explore cryptocurrency rules around the world. Select a place on the map or compare the details below.
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The global picture
251 countries, territories & regional entries · 242 source-checked · 9 not verified
- Regulatory framework
- Restrictions / mixed
- Prohibition
- Not verified
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Colors describe the specific activity in each summary, not a blanket legal verdict. Every country is included in the directory; small places without a map shape are available below. Boundaries are illustrative, not a statement about sovereignty. Slate means not verified.
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Regulation directory
251 jurisdictions
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| Jurisdiction | Region | Status | Regulatory summary | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AFAfghanistan | Asia | Crypto trading banned by central bank | Da Afghanistan Bank, under the Taliban authorities, imposed a ban on cryptocurrency trading in 2022. In August 2022 police in Herat closed at least 16 crypto exchange shops and detained dealers. No later framework permitting crypto services has been identified. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026Source 24 Aug 2022 |
| AXÅland Islands | Europe | MiCA framework | EU crypto-asset service-provider authorisation requirements apply. The maximum MiCA transition ended on 1 July 2026; providers without the required authorisation must stop covered services. National rules and activity-specific restrictions still matter; this is not blanket permission for every crypto activity. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 23 Jun 2026 |
| ALAlbania | Europe | DLT-market licensing framework | Albania’s DLT-market law regulates token issuance, trading and custody through activity-specific licensing or authorisation. Exchanges, token agents and innovative service providers have different requirements; the framework does not mean every token or operator is approved. | Source Checked 17 Sept 2026 |
| DZAlgeria | Africa | Broad crypto prohibition | Law 25-10 of July 2025 expressly prohibits issuing, buying, selling, using, holding, trading and promoting virtual assets, as well as operating exchanges. The prohibition includes crypto mining and payment or investment use. This is broader than a restriction on bank services alone. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 24 Jul 2025 |
| ASAmerican Samoa | Oceania | Federal CVC money-services rules apply | FinCEN’s convertible-virtual-currency money-services-business rules apply in this United States territory. Persons who accept and transmit CVC, or buy and sell CVC, as a business can be money transmitters under the Bank Secrecy Act. Using virtual currency on one’s own behalf is distinguished from providing money transmission. This is federal AML coverage, not a local securities licence and not an endorsement of any named operator. | Source Checked 21 Sept 2026Source 9 May 2019 |
| ADAndorra | Europe | AFA digital-asset participant authorisation | Andorra’s Law 24/2022 requires Andorran Financial Authority authorisation for participants in the digital representation of assets, including issuance, custody and trading on authorised platforms. Unregistered digital assets have no legal validity in Andorra for organised-market trading. Authorisation is not an EU MiCA passport. | Source Checked 21 Sept 2026 |
| AOAngola | Africa | Mining banned; VASPs need BNA/CMC approval | Law 3/24 of 10 April 2024 prohibits cryptocurrency and other virtual-asset mining nationwide, with prison penalties; it does not itself prohibit holding or trading. The amended AML law (Law 11/24) subjects virtual asset service providers to prior authorisation or registration and supervision by the National Bank of Angola (cryptocurrencies) and the Capital Markets Commission (other virtual assets), and the BNA treats unauthorised crypto commercialisation as an infraction. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026Source 10 Apr 2024 |
| AIAnguilla | Americas | ECCB does not regulate cryptocurrency; Virtual Assets Bill pending national completion | A 28 March 2022 joint notice by the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank, the Eastern Caribbean Securities Regulatory Commission and Antigua and Barbuda’s FSRC states that Bitcoin ATMs and the services they provide are not regulated by those authorities. A Virtual Assets Bill was approved by the Monetary Council in February 2021 and recommended for enactment in ECCU member countries. Until the appropriate legislative arrangements are in place, the public is advised to proceed with caution. This is a regional regulator caution, not a completed VASP licence in each member and not a criminal ban on private holding. | Source Checked 22 Sept 2026Source 28 Mar 2022 |
| AQAntarctica | Antarctica | Antarctic Treaty System; no local crypto rules | The area south of 60°S is administered under the Antarctic Treaty. The treaty reserves Antarctica for peaceful purposes and scientific cooperation and freezes territorial sovereignty claims (Article IV). Activity there consists mainly of research stations, and no Antarctica-specific rules on crypto-assets were identified. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026 |
| AGAntigua and Barbuda | Americas | ECCB does not regulate cryptocurrency; Virtual Assets Bill pending national completion | A 28 March 2022 joint notice by the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank, the Eastern Caribbean Securities Regulatory Commission and Antigua and Barbuda’s FSRC states that Bitcoin ATMs and the services they provide are not regulated by those authorities. A Virtual Assets Bill was approved by the Monetary Council in February 2021 and recommended for enactment in ECCU member countries. Until the appropriate legislative arrangements are in place, the public is advised to proceed with caution. This is a regional regulator caution, not a completed VASP licence in each member and not a criminal ban on private holding. | Source Checked 22 Sept 2026Source 28 Mar 2022 |
| ARArgentina | Americas | CNV-regulated service providers | Covered virtual-asset service businesses must enter the CNV’s PSAV register and meet applicable conduct, custody, capital and AML requirements. The framework includes activity-specific exceptions; trading one's own assets is distinct from providing services for others. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 14 Mar 2025 |
| AMArmenia | Asia | CBA licensing; legacy transition to 2027 | Covered cryptoasset services fall under Central Bank of Armenia registration and licensing. Providers already operating when the cryptoasset law entered force on 4 July 2025 must obtain registration and a licence by 31 January 2027 to continue. That transition is still running; it is not an exemption for every new provider. | Source Checked 18 Sept 2026Source 14 Sept 2026 |
| AWAruba | Americas | AML coverage only; no VASP licensing | Aruba's anti-money-laundering state ordinance lists professional virtual-currency exchangers and custodian wallet providers as reporting service providers with customer due-diligence duties. There is no dedicated licensing regime. The Centrale Bank van Aruba has said its virtual-asset rules still have to be brought into line with FATF standards. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026 |
| AUAustralia | Oceania | VASP registration; platform transition | Virtual-asset providers require AUSTRAC registration and AML controls, subject to transitional rules. Existing financial-product licensing still applies; the enacted digital-asset platform framework begins 9 April 2027 and is not fully operational today. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026 |
| ATAustria | Europe | MiCA framework | EU crypto-asset service-provider authorisation requirements apply. The maximum MiCA transition ended on 1 July 2026; providers without the required authorisation must stop covered services. National rules and activity-specific restrictions still matter; this is not blanket permission for every crypto activity. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 23 Jun 2026 |
| AZAzerbaijan | Asia | AML virtual-asset rules dormant until VASP law | The Central Bank of Azerbaijan’s 24 February 2023 board decision approved Rules on operations with virtual assets for AML/CFT customer due diligence and travel-rule information. The same decision states those Rules enter into force only after normative legal acts regulating virtual-asset service providers are adopted. This is not an operating VASP licence regime. | Source Checked 22 Sept 2026Source 24 Feb 2023 |
| BSBahamas | Americas | DARE registration and activity limits | Digital-asset businesses in or from The Bahamas require registration under DARE 2024. Exchanges, advice and staking face additional requirements. Mining as a business is restricted, with exceptions for proprietary mining and mining ancillary to a registered business. | Source Checked 17 Sept 2026 |
| BHBahrain | Asia | CBB-licensed cryptoasset services | Bahrain licenses cryptoasset service providers under the Central Bank's CRA framework. Trading, brokerage, advice, portfolio management and custody fall within supervised activity categories, with capital, customer-asset and compliance obligations; permissions are activity-specific. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026 |
| BDBangladesh | Asia | Virtual-asset transactions prohibited | Bangladesh Bank prohibits transactions in, from or to Bangladesh for obtaining virtual assets, and facilitation of their exchange, transfer or trading. The circular applies to individuals, businesses and financial institutions, not only domestic exchange operators. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 15 Sept 2022 |
| BBBarbados | Americas | VASP framework in consultation; not yet enacted | The Financial Services Commission of Barbados is developing legislation to supervise virtual assets and VASPs. Its April 2026 consultation paper is labelled for discussion only and describes Barbados as a late mover designing a licensing regime. No enacted VASP statute is cited on the Commission’s legislation page. This is a consultation, not an operating licence. | Source Checked 22 Sept 2026Source 12 Apr 2026 |
| BYBelarus | Europe | HTP fiat-exchange restrictions | Individuals’ purchases and sales of crypto for fiat or electronic money must use qualifying High-Tech Park operators. Personal holding, mining and certain other token activities are permitted within the applicable rules; this is not unrestricted access to foreign exchange platforms. | Source Checked 17 Sept 2026 |
| BEBelgium | Europe | MiCA framework | EU crypto-asset service-provider authorisation requirements apply. The maximum MiCA transition ended on 1 July 2026; providers without the required authorisation must stop covered services. National rules and activity-specific restrictions still matter; this is not blanket permission for every crypto activity. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 23 Jun 2026 |
| BZBelize | Americas | VA business needs FSC licence; regime pending | Section 81 of the Financial Services Commission Act 2023 bars virtual-asset exchange, transfer, custody and issuance services as a business in or from Belize without an FSC licence, and none could be issued before 31 December 2025. A November 2025 amendment bill proposed special transitional licences. The FSC consulted on a draft Digital Assets Bill, 2026 until 8 September 2026. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026Source 25 May 2023 |
| BJBenin | Africa | No crypto framework; VASP licence required | Benin has transposed the WAEMU AML law: Law 2024-01 requires virtual asset service providers to obtain prior licence or authorisation. No crypto-specific regulatory framework exists yet. The regional central bank (BCEAO) says crypto-assets are unregulated and urges caution while it drafts union-wide rules. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026Source 20 Feb 2024 |
| BMBermuda | Americas | BMA digital-asset business licences | Bermuda’s Digital Asset Business Act provides BMA licensing for covered activities including exchanges, custody and payments. Test, modified and full licences have different purposes and scopes; a restricted licence is not unrestricted permission. | Source Checked 17 Sept 2026 |
| BTBhutan | Asia | GMC-only mining/exchange; bank on-ramp curbed | The Royal Monetary Authority allows crypto mining and exchanges only for entities registered in Gelephu Mindfulness City (GMC) and their business partners, under the GMC regulatory framework. On-ramping for crypto trading through RMA-regulated domestic banks remains restricted. Inside GMC, the Gelephu Financial Services Office licenses virtual-asset firms under the Financial Services Act 2025. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026 |
| BOBolivia | Americas | Banking-channel restriction lifted | BCB Resolution 082/2024 removed the earlier restriction on electronic payment channels for buying and selling virtual assets. The Finance Ministry's 2025 guidance confirms permitted use through the financial system. Virtual-asset providers also fall within the UIF reporting framework; this is not approval of every platform. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026 |
| BQBonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba | Americas | Dutch BES AML law; no crypto-specific provisions | Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba have their own BES financial legislation, including the Wet ter voorkoming van witwassen en financieren van terrorisme BES (Wwft BES) and the Wet financiële markten BES. The Wwft BES applies only to the services listed in its Annex A (banking, money transactions, trust services, casinos, dealers, professionals and similar), and neither law mentions virtual currencies or crypto-assets. No BES-specific registration or licensing regime for crypto service providers was identified. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026Source 1 Jan 2025 |
| BABosnia and Herzegovina | Europe | Entity-level: RS register for VC providers | There is no single state-wide crypto licensing regime. In Republika Srpska, virtual-currency service providers must be entered in the Securities Commission's register under Article 260b of the Securities Market Law before providing services. The Commission says registration is not a licence and that the state does not guarantee virtual-currency values. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026 |
| BWBotswana | Africa | NBFIRA virtual-asset business licensing | Botswana has NBFIRA licensing and supervision for covered virtual-asset businesses under its framework updated in 2025. Covered activities include exchange, transfer, custody and token-offering services, with anti-money-laundering obligations. The existence of this framework does not establish the current approval or permitted activities of any particular provider. | Source Checked 18 Sept 2026 |
| BVBouvet Island | Americas | Uninhabited Norwegian dependency; no local crypto rules | Bouvet Island (Bouvetøya) is an uninhabited Norwegian dependency (biland) and nature reserve. Under the Dependencies Act (bilandsloven), Norwegian private law, criminal law and law on the administration of justice apply there, and the King may extend other legislation. No crypto prohibition or local crypto rules were identified. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026 |
| BRBrazil | Americas | BCB-regulated service providers | BCB's provider framework took effect on 2 February 2026, covering authorization, governance, custody and anti-money-laundering controls, with transition arrangements. Certain international transfers and other crypto transactions also fall under foreign-exchange rules. Regulatory coverage does not make every token or provider approved. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 10 Nov 2025 |
| IOBritish Indian Ocean Territory | Africa | Not verified | A current, jurisdiction-specific regulatory position has not been verified for this directory. Inclusion on the map is not evidence of permission or a prohibition; check the relevant local authority before acting. | No verified source |
| VGBritish Virgin Islands | Americas | FSC registration for VASP businesses | Virtual-asset service businesses operating in or from the British Virgin Islands must register with the FSC under the VASP Act. Exchange, transfer, custody and related issuance services are covered, with AML controls, recordkeeping and audit obligations. Individuals may not offer these services as a business; this is not a prohibition on all personal holding. | Source Checked 18 Sept 2026Source 21 Nov 2025 |
| BNBrunei | Asia | Not legal tender; not regulated as cryptocurrency | Brunei Darussalam Central Bank reiterates that cryptocurrencies are not legal tender and are not regulated by BDCB because they operate independently of monetary authorities. Surrounding activities may still fall under other BDCB legislation (deposit-taking, lending, remittance, FX, securities). BDCB has said it is developing a licensing and supervision framework. This is not a completed VASP licence statute. | Source Checked 22 Sept 2026 |
| BGBulgaria | Europe | MiCA framework | EU crypto-asset service-provider authorisation requirements apply. The maximum MiCA transition ended on 1 July 2026; providers without the required authorisation must stop covered services. National rules and activity-specific restrictions still matter; this is not blanket permission for every crypto activity. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 23 Jun 2026 |
| BFBurkina Faso | Africa | No crypto framework; VASP licence required | Burkina Faso's AML law (Loi 046-2024/ALT) requires virtual asset service providers to hold prior licence or authorisation. There is no crypto-specific licensing regime yet. BCEAO describes crypto-assets as unregulated in WAEMU and urges caution. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026Source 30 Dec 2024 |
| BIBurundi | Africa | BRB warning; no authorised crypto services | The Bank of the Republic of Burundi's August 2019 public notice said virtual currencies are unregulated, have no legal-tender status and that no entity or financial institution is authorised to offer remittance or payment services using them; media at the time reported this as a trading ban. No specific virtual-asset regulatory framework is in place. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026 |
| CVCabo Verde | Africa | Virtual-asset services law (2023); BCV registration notice | Cabo Verde's Lei n.º 30/X/2023 of 21 June 2023 regulates the provision of services involving virtual assets and the establishment of digital banks. Banco de Cabo Verde Aviso n.º 2/2024 of 28 May 2024 regulates the registration of entities that intend to carry out activities with virtual assets. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026 |
| KHCambodia | Asia | NBC cryptoasset Prakas; Group 2 restricted for banks | The National Bank of Cambodia’s Prakas B7-024-735 of 26 December 2024 creates an authorisation path for commercial banks, payment institutions and cryptoasset service providers. Group 1 covers tokenised traditional assets and asset-referenced coins; Group 2 covers unbacked cryptoassets. Banks may not hold Group 2 exposures. CASPs need prior NBC authorisation for exchange, transfer or custody. This is not permission to use cryptoassets as payment for goods and services. | Source Checked 21 Sept 2026Source 27 Dec 2024 |
| CMCameroon | Africa | COSUMAF PSAN rules; COBAC bank ban | Cameroon is subject to CEMAC-wide rules. The 2022 COSUMAF financial-market regulation covers digital tokens and digital-asset service providers (PSAN), but COSUMAF had not published a PSAN register as of its H1 2025 report. COBAC bars supervised banks and financial institutions from holding or dealing in crypto. Cameroon has no national crypto statute. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026Source 9 Dec 2025 |
| CACanada | Americas | Securities and AML registration | Crypto trading platforms may require provincial securities registration, including when customers retain contractual claims against a custodial platform. Virtual-currency exchange and transfer businesses also face FINTRAC registration and AML duties; registration is not government endorsement. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 3 Apr 2024 |
| KYCayman Islands | Americas | Custody and platform licensing | Cayman requires CIMA licences for covered virtual-asset custody and trading-platform services. Other covered services remain subject to registration or an applicable waiver. Existing providers that applied within the 2025 transition window may continue while awaiting a decision. | Source Checked 17 Sept 2026 |
| CFCentral African Republic | Africa | Legal-tender status repealed; CEMAC rules | Law 22.004 (April 2022) made Bitcoin legal tender, but parliament amended it on 23 March 2023. Bitcoin is now a 'reference cryptocurrency' that businesses may, but need not, accept. A July 2023 law allows tokenisation of land and natural resources. CEMAC rules still apply, including COBAC's ban on supervised institutions dealing in crypto. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026Source 27 Mar 2023 |
| TDChad | Africa | COSUMAF PSAN rules; COBAC bank ban | Chad is subject to CEMAC-wide rules. The 2022 COSUMAF financial-market regulation covers digital tokens and digital-asset service providers (PSAN), but COSUMAF had not published a register of PSAN as of its H1 2025 report. COBAC bars supervised banks and financial institutions from holding or dealing in crypto. No Chad-specific crypto statute was identified in this review. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026Source 9 Dec 2025 |
| CLChile | Americas | Fintec registration and authorisation | Covered cryptoasset brokerage, custody and trading-platform services fall within Chile’s Fintec framework. Registration and CMF authorisation requirements under Law 21.521 and NCG 502 depend on the service; the framework regulates providers, not blanket approval of assets. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 12 Jan 2024 |
| CNChina | Asia | Exchange and related business banned | Mainland China prohibits cryptocurrency exchange, token-financing and related financial business, including unlawful overseas provision to domestic users. The February 2026 notice also maintains mining restrictions; it does not describe every instance of private possession as a crime. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 6 Feb 2026 |
| CXChristmas Island | Oceania | Australian AML/CTF law; AUSTRAC VASP rules | Christmas Island is an Australian external Territory, and the Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorism Financing Act 2006 expressly extends to every external Territory. Virtual-asset service providers are therefore within the Australian AUSTRAC registration and AML/CTF regime. No separate territory-specific crypto rules were identified. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026 |
| CCCocos (Keeling) Islands | Oceania | Australian AML/CTF law; AUSTRAC VASP rules | The Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands is an Australian external Territory, and the Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorism Financing Act 2006 expressly extends to every external Territory. Virtual-asset service providers are therefore within the Australian AUSTRAC registration and AML/CTF regime. No separate territory-specific crypto rules were identified. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026 |
| COColombia | Americas | No SFC crypto-business licence | The Superintendencia Financiera de Colombia states that cryptoasset businesses are not regulated, supervised, endorsed or authorised by that authority, and that cryptoassets are not recognised money. Supervised financial entities are not authorised to custody, invest in or intermediate cryptoassets. This is not a general criminal ban on private holding. | Source Checked 21 Sept 2026Source 26 Jul 2024 |
| KMComoros | Africa | No VASP licences issued; BCC says VA activity not authorised | In a communiqué of 8 December 2025, the Banque Centrale des Comores stated that virtual assets and virtual-asset service providers (marketed as "crypto currency" or "VASP" licences) are among activities not currently authorised on the national territory, and that no such licence has been issued. It warned that "VASP licences" sold by unrecognised bodies such as the Mwali International Services Authority and the Anjouan Offshore Finance Authority are not valid Comorian authorisations. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026Source 8 Dec 2025 |
| CKCook Islands | Oceania | FTRA AML/CFT duties cover virtual currency businesses | The Cook Islands Financial Transactions Reporting Act 2017 defines virtual currency (including crypto-currencies) and 'virtual currency business' (issuing, transferring, custody, exchanging, trading and similar services). The FTR Regulations 2017 prescribe engaging in virtual currency business as a specified activity, which makes such businesses reporting institutions with AML/CFT obligations. In its 2023 follow-up report the APG noted that the Cook Islands was preparing a policy paper on licensing rather than registering virtual asset providers. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026 |
| CRCosta Rica | Americas | Not legal tender; circulation not prohibited | The Central Bank of Costa Rica’s 2021 study states that lawful circulation and exchange of cryptoassets are permitted because they have not been expressly prohibited, that they are not legal tender, and that investment is protected by constitutional liberty unless public-order law provides otherwise. This is not a VASP licensing regime. | Source Checked 21 Sept 2026Source 6 Aug 2021 |
| CICôte d’Ivoire | Africa | No crypto framework; no licensed VASPs | Ordinance 2023-875 requires prior licence or authorisation for virtual asset service providers. In an August 2026 alert, the government's watchdog committee on illicit financial investments said no platform holds such a licence in Côte d'Ivoire and that crypto trading is not officially regulated. BCEAO also urges caution. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026Source 23 Nov 2023 |
| HRCroatia | Europe | MiCA framework | EU crypto-asset service-provider authorisation requirements apply. The maximum MiCA transition ended on 1 July 2026; providers without the required authorisation must stop covered services. National rules and activity-specific restrictions still matter; this is not blanket permission for every crypto activity. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 23 Jun 2026 |
| CUCuba | Americas | BCC licence for virtual-asset service providers | Cuba’s Banco Central Resolution 215/2021, still cited by later 2026 authorisations, sets licensing for virtual-asset service providers and allows legal persons to use virtual assets in commercial operations only with BCC authorisation. Natural persons are not prohibited from private use but assume the civil and criminal risks of operating outside the licensed banking system. | Source Checked 21 Sept 2026Source 26 Aug 2021 |
| CWCuraçao | Americas | CBCS VASP registration for AML supervision | Curaçao requires virtual-asset service providers offering services in or from Curaçao to register with the Centrale Bank van Curaçao en Sint Maarten. From 16 May 2024 the identification and unusual-transaction ordinances cover VASPs. Registration is AML/CFT supervision, not a finding about any named operator’s current licence. | Source Checked 21 Sept 2026Source 25 Jun 2024 |
| CYCyprus | Asia | MiCA framework | EU crypto-asset service-provider authorisation requirements apply. The maximum MiCA transition ended on 1 July 2026; providers without the required authorisation must stop covered services. National rules and activity-specific restrictions still matter; this is not blanket permission for every crypto activity. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 23 Jun 2026 |
| CZCzechia | Europe | MiCA framework | EU crypto-asset service-provider authorisation requirements apply. The maximum MiCA transition ended on 1 July 2026; providers without the required authorisation must stop covered services. National rules and activity-specific restrictions still matter; this is not blanket permission for every crypto activity. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 23 Jun 2026 |
| DKDenmark | Europe | MiCA framework | EU crypto-asset service-provider authorisation requirements apply. The maximum MiCA transition ended on 1 July 2026; providers without the required authorisation must stop covered services. National rules and activity-specific restrictions still matter; this is not blanket permission for every crypto activity. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 23 Jun 2026 |
| DJDjibouti | Africa | BCD licensing regime for crypto-asset service providers | Banque Centrale de Djibouti Circular No. 2025-01 (signed 26 August 2025) sets the regime for crypto-asset / virtual-asset service providers (PSAV) operating in Djibouti. Covered services, including custody, trading platforms, crypto-fiat and crypto-crypto exchange and transfers, require prior BCD approval, a client white paper with risk disclosures, AML/CFT controls and quarterly reporting. Circular No. 2026-01 of 8 April 2026 amended and supplemented the regime. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026Source 26 Aug 2025 |
| DMDominica | Americas | ECCB does not regulate cryptocurrency; Virtual Assets Bill pending national completion | A 28 March 2022 joint notice by the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank, the Eastern Caribbean Securities Regulatory Commission and Antigua and Barbuda’s FSRC states that Bitcoin ATMs and the services they provide are not regulated by those authorities. A Virtual Assets Bill was approved by the Monetary Council in February 2021 and recommended for enactment in ECCU member countries. Until the appropriate legislative arrangements are in place, the public is advised to proceed with caution. This is a regional regulator caution, not a completed VASP licence in each member and not a criminal ban on private holding. | Source Checked 22 Sept 2026Source 28 Mar 2022 |
| DODominican Republic | Americas | Not legal tender; payment-system use unauthorised | The Central Bank of the Dominican Republic states that cryptocurrencies and virtual assets have no legal tender or discharging force, are not backed by the Bank, and that regulated entities are not authorised to use them inside the national payment system. Private acquisition is described as being at the acquirer’s own risk. This is not a VASP licensing regime. | Source Checked 21 Sept 2026 |
| CDDR Congo | Africa | AML law covers VASPs; BCC warning | The DRC has no dedicated crypto framework. AML/CFT Law 22/068 lists virtual-asset service providers, including crypto exchange services, as reporting entities and requires prior registration or licensing by the competent authority. The Banque Centrale du Congo has warned the public about illegal savings collection using a purported cryptocurrency by unlicensed entities. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026 |
| ECEcuador | Americas | Not legal tender or authorised payment | The Central Bank of Ecuador states that cryptocurrencies are neither legal tender nor an authorised electronic payment method. Using unauthorised payment methods, or simulating them, is prohibited under the Organic Monetary and Financial Code. The notice addresses payment use, not a complete inventory of every private holding. | Source Checked 21 Sept 2026Source 12 Aug 2024 |
| EGEgypt | Africa | Unlicensed crypto dealing prohibited | Egypt’s Financial Regulatory Authority warns that trading, promoting or offering activities related to virtual encrypted currencies without prior authorisation exposes participants to imprisonment and/or fines under Egyptian law. The warning is not a CBE licence register and does not itself grant authorisation. | Source Checked 21 Sept 2026Source 6 May 2025 |
| SVEl Salvador | Americas | Voluntary Bitcoin acceptance | Private Bitcoin acceptance is voluntary following the 2025 reforms, and taxes cannot be paid in Bitcoin. The IMF's September 2026 review reports reduced state participation in Chivo and further regulatory work. The former mandatory-acceptance model should not be treated as current. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 3 Sept 2026 |
| GQEquatorial Guinea | Africa | COSUMAF PSAN rules; COBAC bank ban | Equatorial Guinea is subject to CEMAC-wide rules. The 2022 COSUMAF financial-market regulation covers digital tokens and digital-asset service providers (PSAN), but COSUMAF had not published a register of PSAN as of its H1 2025 report. COBAC bars supervised banks and financial institutions from holding or dealing in crypto. No Equatorial Guinea-specific crypto statute was identified in this review. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026Source 9 Dec 2025 |
| EREritrea | Africa | Not verified | A current, jurisdiction-specific regulatory position has not been verified for this directory. Inclusion on the map is not evidence of permission or a prohibition; check the relevant local authority before acting. | No verified source |
| EEEstonia | Europe | MiCA framework | EU crypto-asset service-provider authorisation requirements apply. The maximum MiCA transition ended on 1 July 2026; providers without the required authorisation must stop covered services. National rules and activity-specific restrictions still matter; this is not blanket permission for every crypto activity. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 23 Jun 2026 |
| SZEswatini | Africa | Unregulated; no VASPs authorised | Eswatini has no cryptocurrency legislation; crypto is not legal tender and the Central Bank of Eswatini says no virtual asset service providers are authorised to offer financial services. VASPs are designated accountable institutions under the AML law, and the central bank and Ministry of Finance are developing a national policy position. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026Source 13 Jun 2024 |
| ETEthiopia | Africa | Birr-paired P2P crypto restriction | The National Bank of Ethiopia's February 2026 notice prohibits Birr-denominated peer-to-peer cryptocurrency trading and exchange through trading platforms. The notice describes a broader digital-asset framework as work in progress, not an authorisation to transact. This entry addresses that specific P2P restriction rather than declaring all holding or mining prohibited. | Source Checked 18 Sept 2026Source 27 Feb 2026 |
| EUEuropean Union | Europe | MiCA framework | EU crypto-asset service-provider authorisation requirements apply. The maximum MiCA transition ended on 1 July 2026; providers without the required authorisation must stop covered services. National rules and activity-specific restrictions still matter; this is not blanket permission for every crypto activity. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 23 Jun 2026 |
| FKFalkland Islands (Malvinas) | Americas | No crypto-specific legislation identified | The Falkland Islands make their own ordinances. A full-text search of in-force legislation on the official Falkland Islands legislation website found no provisions mentioning virtual assets, cryptocurrency, crypto-assets or bitcoin. The Proceeds of Crime Ordinance 2006 is listed there as uncommenced. No crypto ban or VASP licensing regime was identified. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026 |
| FOFaroe Islands | Europe | Danish AML law by decree; VASPs register with Finanstilsynet | The Faroe Islands are outside the EU, and Denmark's AML Act (hvidvaskloven) applies there only as put into force by royal decree. The 2019 decree did not cover virtual currencies. A 2023 decree added providers of exchange between virtual and fiat currencies and custodian wallet providers to the Act's scope and requires them to register with Finanstilsynet. A 2025 decree extended coverage to crypto-to-crypto exchange, transfer and issuance of virtual currency. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026Source 4 Jun 2025 |
| FJFiji | Oceania | VASP business prohibited by statute | Since 30 August 2025 the Reserve Bank of Fiji Act prohibits anyone, in or outside Fiji, from carrying on a virtual-asset service business in Fiji or marketing such services to Fiji residents, with fines up to FJD 1 million or 14 years' imprisonment. The RBF has also said crypto is not legal tender and that buying crypto with funds held in Fiji is illegal under exchange control. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026Source 5 Sept 2025 |
| FIFinland | Europe | MiCA framework | EU crypto-asset service-provider authorisation requirements apply. The maximum MiCA transition ended on 1 July 2026; providers without the required authorisation must stop covered services. National rules and activity-specific restrictions still matter; this is not blanket permission for every crypto activity. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 23 Jun 2026 |
| FRFrance | Europe | MiCA framework | EU crypto-asset service-provider authorisation requirements apply. The maximum MiCA transition ended on 1 July 2026; providers without the required authorisation must stop covered services. National rules and activity-specific restrictions still matter; this is not blanket permission for every crypto activity. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 23 Jun 2026 |
| GFFrench Guiana | Americas | MiCA framework | EU crypto-asset service-provider authorisation requirements apply. The maximum MiCA transition ended on 1 July 2026; providers without the required authorisation must stop covered services. National rules and activity-specific restrictions still matter; this is not blanket permission for every crypto activity. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 23 Jun 2026 |
| PFFrench Polynesia | Oceania | French CMF crypto-asset rules extended; AMF authorisation | Only Code monétaire et financier (CMF) provisions expressly extended by its Book VII apply in French Polynesia. Since 1 July 2026, art. L. 774-40 CMF extends arts L. 54-10-1, L. 54-10-4 and L. 54-10-7, which bar anyone from providing crypto-asset services without authorisation under MiCA (Regulation (EU) 2023/1114) and make the AMF the authority for applications; art. L. 712-7 provides for the economy minister to set the conditions of application of MiCA there. The CMF anti-money-laundering obligations, which cover authorised crypto-asset service providers, are extended by art. L. 774-42. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026 |
| TFFrench Southern Territories | Africa | No permanent population; French CMF applies | The French Southern and Antarctic Lands (TAAF) have no permanent population or elected officials and are administered by a prefect (administrateur supérieur) based in Réunion. Under art. L. 711-7 CMF, applying art. 1-1 6° of Loi n° 55-1052 of 6 August 1955, the Code monétaire et financier applies there de plein droit. No local crypto rules or prohibition were identified. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026 |
| GAGabon | Africa | COSUMAF PSAN rules; COBAC bank ban | Gabon is subject to CEMAC-wide rules. The 2022 COSUMAF financial-market regulation covers digital tokens and digital-asset service providers (PSAN), but COSUMAF had not published a register of PSAN as of its H1 2025 report. COBAC bars supervised banks and financial institutions from holding or dealing in crypto. No Gabon-specific crypto statute was identified in this review. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026Source 9 Dec 2025 |
| GMGambia | Africa | Not verified | A current, jurisdiction-specific regulatory position has not been verified for this directory. Inclusion on the map is not evidence of permission or a prohibition; check the relevant local authority before acting. | No verified source |
| GEGeorgia | Asia | Registered services; crypto-payment limits | Virtual-asset services require NBG registration or other statutory permission. September 2026 rules add capital and risk controls, with 2027 transition deadlines for existing providers. Crypto payments remain prohibited except narrow NBG-defined service-related cases. | Source Checked 17 Sept 2026Source 8 Sept 2026 |
| DEGermany | Europe | MiCA framework | EU crypto-asset service-provider authorisation requirements apply. The maximum MiCA transition ended on 1 July 2026; providers without the required authorisation must stop covered services. National rules and activity-specific restrictions still matter; this is not blanket permission for every crypto activity. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 23 Jun 2026 |
| GHGhana | Africa | VASP registration; no operating licence yet | The Bank of Ghana requires Virtual Asset Service Providers serving Ghana residents to register. Its 2025 notice states that registration is compulsory and is not a licence or legal approval to operate. A June 2026 directive tells regulated institutions to stop supporting unauthorised fiat-USD wallet services offered by crypto platforms. The 2018 digital-currency notice remains posted. | Source Checked 21 Sept 2026 |
| GIGibraltar | Europe | DLT-provider authorisation | Businesses using DLT in or from Gibraltar to store or transmit value belonging to others need GFSC authorisation, subject to the applicable scope and exemptions. Other VASP activities fall under separate financial-crime rules; private own-account use is distinguished from regulated business. | Source Checked 17 Sept 2026 |
| GRGreece | Europe | MiCA framework | EU crypto-asset service-provider authorisation requirements apply. The maximum MiCA transition ended on 1 July 2026; providers without the required authorisation must stop covered services. National rules and activity-specific restrictions still matter; this is not blanket permission for every crypto activity. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 23 Jun 2026 |
| GLGreenland | Americas | AML Act covers VASPs; no MiCA | A 2021 royal decree extended the Danish AML Act's 5AMLD amendments to Greenland. Virtual-currency exchange providers and custodian wallet providers are reporting entities under Finanstilsynet supervision. Greenland is outside the EU, so MiCA does not apply there by default. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026Source 28 Dec 2021 |
| GDGrenada | Americas | ECCB does not regulate cryptocurrency; Virtual Assets Bill pending national completion | A 28 March 2022 joint notice by the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank, the Eastern Caribbean Securities Regulatory Commission and Antigua and Barbuda’s FSRC states that Bitcoin ATMs and the services they provide are not regulated by those authorities. A Virtual Assets Bill was approved by the Monetary Council in February 2021 and recommended for enactment in ECCU member countries. Until the appropriate legislative arrangements are in place, the public is advised to proceed with caution. This is a regional regulator caution, not a completed VASP licence in each member and not a criminal ban on private holding. | Source Checked 22 Sept 2026Source 28 Mar 2022 |
| GPGuadeloupe | Americas | MiCA framework | EU crypto-asset service-provider authorisation requirements apply. The maximum MiCA transition ended on 1 July 2026; providers without the required authorisation must stop covered services. National rules and activity-specific restrictions still matter; this is not blanket permission for every crypto activity. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 23 Jun 2026 |
| GUGuam | Oceania | Federal CVC money-services rules apply | FinCEN’s convertible-virtual-currency money-services-business rules apply in this United States territory. Persons who accept and transmit CVC, or buy and sell CVC, as a business can be money transmitters under the Bank Secrecy Act. Using virtual currency on one’s own behalf is distinguished from providing money transmission. This is federal AML coverage, not a local securities licence and not an endorsement of any named operator. | Source Checked 21 Sept 2026Source 9 May 2019 |
| GTGuatemala | Americas | Not legal tender; platforms unsupervised | Guatemala’s Superintendencia de Bancos states that virtual currencies are not legal tender, are not foreign exchange, are not state-backed, and cannot be forced as payment. Platforms selling them in Guatemala are not under SIB inspection. This is not a general criminal ban on private holding. | Source Checked 21 Sept 2026Source 19 Feb 2021 |
| GGGuernsey | Europe | Part III VASP licensing | Guernsey licenses covered virtual-asset service businesses under Part III of its lending, credit and finance law, with financial-crime obligations. Own-benefit investment can be exempt where it does not provide or facilitate services for third parties. This is a separate regime from the UK. | Source Checked 17 Sept 2026 |
| GNGuinea | Africa | AML/CFT law 2021: VASPs need BCRG approval | Guinea's 2021 law on combating money laundering and terrorist financing (L/2021/0024/AN) defines virtual assets and virtual-asset service providers and makes VASPs subject to its AML/CFT obligations. Article 101 provides that no one may carry on virtual-asset services professionally without approval or authorisation from the Banque Centrale de la République de Guinée, which Article 97 designates as the VASPs' AML/CFT regulator and supervisor. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026 |
| GWGuinea-Bissau | Africa | No crypto framework; BCEAO caution | Guinea-Bissau is a WAEMU member under BCEAO, which says crypto-assets are neither currency nor regulated in the union and is drafting regional rules. The 2023 WAEMU uniform AML law requires prior authorisation for virtual asset service providers. No Guinea-Bissau-specific crypto measure was identified in this review. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026Source 31 Mar 2023 |
| GYGuyana | Americas | VASP business barred pending framework | Section 72 of the Guyana Compliance Commission Act 2023 prohibits virtual-asset business without a licence, and no licence could be issued before 31 December 2025. The national risk assessment records a government policy to prohibit VA/VASP activity until a supervisory framework exists. No public licensing regime had been identified by the check date. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026 |
| HTHaiti | Americas | No framework; BRH caution | Haiti has no specific crypto-asset law or licensing regime. The Banque de la République d'Haïti states that cryptocurrencies are not legal tender in Haiti and urges caution given their risks. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026 |
| HMHeard Island and McDonald Islands | Oceania | Australian AML/CTF law; AUSTRAC VASP rules | The Territory of Heard Island and McDonald Islands is an Australian external Territory, and the Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorism Financing Act 2006 expressly extends to every external Territory. Virtual-asset service providers are therefore within the Australian AUSTRAC registration and AML/CTF regime. The territory is uninhabited, so this describes the applicable law rather than any local market. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026 |
| VAHoly See | Europe | Virtual assets prohibited | MONEYVAL reports that the Holy See (including Vatican City State) has prohibited virtual assets. Its 2021 evaluation recorded no virtual-asset service providers in the jurisdiction. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026 |
| HNHonduras | Americas | Supervised institutions prohibited from virtual assets | Honduras’ CNBS Circular 003/2024 prohibits supervised institutions from holding, investing, intermediating or operating with cryptocurrencies or similar virtual assets not issued or authorised by the Banco Central de Honduras, and from allowing users to use their platforms for those instruments. The central bank has separately stated that the lempira is the only legal tender and that bitcoin and similar assets do not enjoy national-law protection. This is not a complete inventory of private holding. | Source Checked 21 Sept 2026Source 12 Feb 2024 |
| HKHong Kong | Asia | Licensed trading platforms | Centralised virtual-asset trading platforms operating in Hong Kong or actively marketing to its investors require SFC licensing. Licensed retail access is subject to client and product safeguards; the regime does not authorise unlicensed offshore platforms. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 16 Jan 2025 |
| HUHungary | Europe | MiCA framework | EU crypto-asset service-provider authorisation requirements apply. The maximum MiCA transition ended on 1 July 2026; providers without the required authorisation must stop covered services. National rules and activity-specific restrictions still matter; this is not blanket permission for every crypto activity. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 23 Jun 2026 |
| ISIceland | Europe | MiCA licensing in force | Iceland implemented MiCA on 1 January 2026. Covered providers need authorisation or an applicable financial-institution notification; the former AML-registration transition ended on 1 July 2026. | Source Checked 17 Sept 2026 |
| INIndia | Asia | AML registration; product protections limited | Providers serving India, including offshore exchanges and custodians, must register with FIU-IND and meet anti-money-laundering reporting and recordkeeping duties. This registration does not mean crypto products are approved or covered by a comprehensive investor-protection regime. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 9 Sept 2026 |
| IDIndonesia | Asia | Regulated trading; no crypto payments | Crypto-asset trading is supervised by OJK, which took over from Bappebti in January 2025. Updated provider reporting rules took effect in September 2026. Crypto remains prohibited as a payment instrument; permission to trade assets does not replace Indonesia's rupiah payment requirements. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 30 Jun 2026 |
| IRIran | Asia | CBI exclusive cryptocurrency licensing authority | A 4 February 2025 presidential letter designates the Central Bank of Iran as the exclusive authority for regulating the cryptocurrency market and the sole entity responsible for licensing, supervising and issuing directives in that domain. Establishment and operations of natural and legal persons in the sector are contingent on a CBI licence. This records the designation of the regulator, not a published licence register. | Source Checked 22 Sept 2026Source 4 Feb 2025 |
| IQIraq | Asia | Electronic payments barred for digital-currency trading | The Central Bank of Iraq on 30 March 2022 prohibited the use of cards and electronic wallets for speculation and trading in digital currencies of all kinds, and directed licensed banks and non-bank financial institutions to warn customers. It had already warned in November 2021 against dealing in digital currencies because they are not subject to legal, supervisory or technical controls in Iraq. This is an institutional-channel restriction, not a VASP licensing regime. | Source Checked 21 Sept 2026Source 30 Mar 2022 |
| IEIreland | Europe | MiCA framework | EU crypto-asset service-provider authorisation requirements apply. The maximum MiCA transition ended on 1 July 2026; providers without the required authorisation must stop covered services. National rules and activity-specific restrictions still matter; this is not blanket permission for every crypto activity. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 23 Jun 2026 |
| IMIsle of Man | Europe | VASP designated-business AML registration | Isle of Man Virtual Asset Service Providers must register as designated businesses and meet AML/CFT and Travel Rule requirements. Security-token activity can also fall inside Financial Services Act licensing. Designated-business registration is AML oversight, not the same as a full banking licence. | Source Checked 21 Sept 2026Source 19 Mar 2025 |
| ILIsrael | Asia | Licensed virtual-asset services; bank access rules | Israel licenses virtual-asset service providers. Bank of Israel Proper Conduct of Banking Business Directive 411 provides that a banking corporation must not refuse payment services connected with virtual-currency activity solely because of that connection where the virtual-currency service provider party to the transaction holds an Israeli licence. Banks that want to deal in cryptoassets themselves must notify the Supervisor of Banks in advance. Licensing is not an endorsement of any token. | Source Checked 21 Sept 2026 |
| ITItaly | Europe | MiCA framework | EU crypto-asset service-provider authorisation requirements apply. The maximum MiCA transition ended on 1 July 2026; providers without the required authorisation must stop covered services. National rules and activity-specific restrictions still matter; this is not blanket permission for every crypto activity. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 23 Jun 2026 |
| JMJamaica | Americas | Not legal tender; BOJ does not regulate cryptocurrencies | Bank of Jamaica’s July 2021 reminder states that cryptocurrencies are not issued or guaranteed by a central bank, are not legal tender in Jamaica, and that the Bank does not regulate or supervise those digital currencies. Users act at their own risk. This is a public caution, not a VASP licensing statute. | Source Checked 22 Sept 2026Source 9 Jul 2021 |
| JPJapan | Asia | Registered exchange and custody services | Cryptoasset exchange and custody businesses require registration under the Payment Services Act, with anti-money-laundering controls and customer-asset safeguards. Cryptoassets are not legal tender; tokenised securities can instead fall within the separate securities framework. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 13 Jul 2026 |
| JEJersey | Europe | VASP registration for AML supervision | Covered virtual-asset service businesses must register with the JFSC. Jersey’s Schedule 2 framework provides anti-money-laundering, counter-terrorist-financing and proliferation-financing supervision; registration is not a blanket endorsement of an operator or token. | Source Checked 17 Sept 2026Source 7 Feb 2023 |
| JOJordan | Asia | JSC licensing for virtual-asset services | Jordan's VASP Licensing Regulation 94 of 2025 requires a Jordan Securities Commission licence for covered business activities. Platforms, custody, brokerage and financial services related to token offerings have separate requirements. Preliminary approval is an application stage, not the operating licence; dealings with overseas providers can require additional Board approval. | Source Checked 18 Sept 2026Source 25 Jan 2026 |
| KZKazakhstan | Asia | National Bank digital-asset licensing from May 2026 | From 1 May 2026 Kazakhstan’s Law on Digital Assets applies a licensing and registration regime for unsecured cryptoasset exchange operators and for digital-asset trading and digital-financial-asset platform operators, administered by the National Bank outside the AIFC. AIFC firms remain under the AIFC’s own regime. This entry describes that framework, not any named operator’s current licence. | Source Checked 21 Sept 2026Source 30 Apr 2026 |
| KEKenya | Africa | VASP Act; rollout not fully verified | The VASP Act took effect on 4 November 2025, assigning licensing and supervision to CBK and CMA. Implementing regulations were consulted on in March 2026. This review has not confirmed their final publication or a current licensed-provider list; draft rules are not treated as operative. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 18 Nov 2025 |
| KIKiribati | Oceania | Not verified | A current, jurisdiction-specific regulatory position has not been verified for this directory. Inclusion on the map is not evidence of permission or a prohibition; check the relevant local authority before acting. | No verified source |
| XKKosovo | Europe | CBK licensing under Law on Crypto-Assets | Law No. 08/L-295 on Crypto-Assets is the legal basis for crypto services. A Central Bank of Kosovo regulation adopted on 29 August 2025, in force 90 days later, licenses crypto-asset exchange operators, including crypto ATMs. Other services await further CBK rules. A crypto-mining ban was imposed in January 2022 under energy-emergency measures. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026Source 29 Aug 2025 |
| KWKuwait | Asia | No VA licences; payment and mining prohibited | The Central Bank of Kuwait instructs banks, financing companies and exchange companies that virtual assets must not be used as a payment instrument, that investment dealing in virtual assets is prohibited, that no person will be licensed to provide virtual-asset services as a commercial activity, and that virtual-asset mining is prohibited. Securities already regulated by CBK or the Capital Markets Authority are excluded from that prohibition. | Source Checked 21 Sept 2026Source 17 Jul 2023 |
| KGKyrgyzstan | Asia | Licensed virtual-asset service providers | The National Bank of the Kyrgyz Republic’s Order on the provision of services related to virtual assets, as amended on 26 December 2025, states that providing virtual-asset services is a licensed activity. A VASP is a legal person registered in the Kyrgyz Republic that provides those services on the basis of a licence issued by the authorised state body under the Law on Virtual Assets. The National Bank supervises its own supervised persons that act as VASPs. This is the licensing order, not a finding about any named operator. | Source Checked 22 Sept 2026 |
| LALaos | Asia | Licensed pilot platforms; others blocked | Under a government pilot, the Bank of the Lao PDR gave in-principle approval to two domestic crypto exchanges in 2022, and several companies were authorised to mine and trade. In a directive dated 31 July 2026, the central bank ordered banks and payment providers to block card payments for crypto purchases on unlicensed foreign platforms. The government also planned to stop supplying power to crypto miners in early 2026. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026Source 28 Sept 2026 |
| LVLatvia | Europe | MiCA framework | EU crypto-asset service-provider authorisation requirements apply. The maximum MiCA transition ended on 1 July 2026; providers without the required authorisation must stop covered services. National rules and activity-specific restrictions still matter; this is not blanket permission for every crypto activity. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 23 Jun 2026 |
| LBLebanon | Asia | EPSP virtual-asset dealing prohibited unless BdL authorises | Banque du Liban’s Basic Decision No. 13790 of 9 January 2026 (Basic Circular No. 1 to Electronic Payment Services Providers) defines virtual assets and prohibits a licensed Institution from issuing, dealing in, or facilitating dealings in virtual assets in any way unless authorised by BdL regulations. The same article also prohibits activity that violates BdL rules such as trading in virtual assets. This is a restriction on licensed electronic-payment institutions, not a complete inventory of private holding. | Source Checked 22 Sept 2026Source 9 Jan 2026 |
| LSLesotho | Africa | Unregulated; central bank risk warning | The Central Bank of Lesotho has stated that it does not oversee, supervise or regulate cryptocurrencies or their promoters, that dealings are at the user's own risk, and that crypto activity may breach AML/CFT, tax and exchange-control laws. No dedicated virtual-asset framework has been adopted; authorities say they are considering regulation. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026Source 9 Nov 2017 |
| LRLiberia | Africa | Not verified | A current, jurisdiction-specific regulatory position has not been verified for this directory. Inclusion on the map is not evidence of permission or a prohibition; check the relevant local authority before acting. | No verified source |
| LYLibya | Africa | Central bank declared crypto illegal | The Central Bank of Libya declared in 2018 that virtual currencies such as bitcoin are illegal in Libya and that users have no legal protection, and a 2021 notice barred financial institutions from dealing in them. There is no licensing framework, and authorities have repeatedly raided illegal mining operations. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026Source 16 May 2018 |
| LILiechtenstein | Europe | MiCA framework and EEA passporting | MiCA applies directly in Liechtenstein following its incorporation into the EEA Agreement on 24 June 2025. Covered services and issuers fall under its framework; cross-border passporting is subject to the relevant MiCA procedures. | Source Checked 17 Sept 2026Source 18 Jul 2025 |
| LTLithuania | Europe | MiCA framework | EU crypto-asset service-provider authorisation requirements apply. The maximum MiCA transition ended on 1 July 2026; providers without the required authorisation must stop covered services. National rules and activity-specific restrictions still matter; this is not blanket permission for every crypto activity. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 23 Jun 2026 |
| LULuxembourg | Europe | MiCA framework | EU crypto-asset service-provider authorisation requirements apply. The maximum MiCA transition ended on 1 July 2026; providers without the required authorisation must stop covered services. National rules and activity-specific restrictions still matter; this is not blanket permission for every crypto activity. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 23 Jun 2026 |
| MOMacao | Asia | Not legal tender; banks barred from VC payment services | The Monetary Authority of Macao states that virtual currencies are virtual commodities, neither legal tender nor financial instruments. Banks and payment institutions in Macao must not participate in or provide, directly or indirectly, financial services that use virtual currencies or virtual commodities as a means of payment. Unauthorised provision of regulated financial activities remains a Financial System Act offence. | Source Checked 21 Sept 2026Source 6 Aug 2018 |
| MGMadagascar | Africa | No framework; central bank warning | Madagascar has no law or regulation specific to cryptocurrencies. Banky Foiben'i Madagasikara has warned the public that crypto offers no guarantee of value, no recourse and money-laundering risks, and has told financial institutions to report virtual-asset transactions while authorities consider regulation. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026 |
| MWMalawi | Africa | Unregulated; RBM warnings | Malawi has no legal or regulatory framework for virtual assets or VASPs; the Reserve Bank of Malawi says crypto is not legal tender and has cautioned the public against trading through unregistered platforms. A 2025 national risk assessment recommends the government decide whether to allow or prohibit virtual assets. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026 |
| MYMalaysia | Asia | Registered digital-asset exchanges | Digital-asset exchanges must register with the Securities Commission as recognised market operators. Revised rules effective 20 May 2026 strengthen client-asset safeguards, governance and financial requirements; unregistered exchanges are not permitted to operate. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 20 May 2026 |
| MVMaldives | Asia | No permission granted; MMA caution | The Maldives Monetary Authority has stated that no party has been granted permission to conduct financial transactions using cryptocurrencies or other virtual currencies in the Maldives, and it cautions the public against their use. No licensing framework for crypto service providers has been identified. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026Source 11 Oct 2018 |
| MLMali | Africa | No crypto framework; VASP licence required | Mali's 2024 AML ordinance transposes the WAEMU uniform law and requires virtual asset service providers to hold prior licence or authorisation. No dedicated crypto regime has been adopted. BCEAO describes crypto-assets as unregulated and urges caution. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026Source 2 Sept 2024 |
| MTMalta | Europe | MiCA framework | EU crypto-asset service-provider authorisation requirements apply. The maximum MiCA transition ended on 1 July 2026; providers without the required authorisation must stop covered services. National rules and activity-specific restrictions still matter; this is not blanket permission for every crypto activity. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 23 Jun 2026 |
| MHMarshall Islands | Oceania | DAO LLC law; VASP AML rules | The Marshall Islands recognises DAOs as limited liability companies under the DAO Act 2022 and says its AML/CFT framework incorporates FATF virtual-asset standards. Non-resident domestic entities may not operate as virtual-asset service providers. The SOV national-cryptocurrency law was repealed; the government has since issued USDM1, a tokenised US-dollar sovereign bond. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026Source 15 Dec 2025 |
| MQMartinique | Americas | MiCA framework | EU crypto-asset service-provider authorisation requirements apply. The maximum MiCA transition ended on 1 July 2026; providers without the required authorisation must stop covered services. National rules and activity-specific restrictions still matter; this is not blanket permission for every crypto activity. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 23 Jun 2026 |
| MRMauritania | Africa | Central bank circular prohibits virtual-asset transactions | The Banque Centrale de Mauritanie has a 2020 circular (n°11/GR/2020) on the prohibition of transactions in virtual assets. Circular n°02/GR/2026 of 27 January 2026 amended it by adding FATF-style definitions of virtual assets and virtual-asset service providers. Mauritania's AML/CFT framework is Law n°2019-017 of 20 February 2019. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026Source 27 Jan 2026 |
| MUMauritius | Africa | Licensed virtual-asset services | The VAITOS framework requires licensing for virtual-asset service businesses operating in or from Mauritius and registration for initial-token-offering issuers. Market-conduct and AML duties apply; cryptoassets are not legal tender and these approvals do not eliminate investment risk. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026 |
| YTMayotte | Africa | MiCA framework | EU crypto-asset service-provider authorisation requirements apply. The maximum MiCA transition ended on 1 July 2026; providers without the required authorisation must stop covered services. National rules and activity-specific restrictions still matter; this is not blanket permission for every crypto activity. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 23 Jun 2026 |
| MXMexico | Americas | Private trading; bank-service restrictions | Individuals and non-financial businesses can transact in cryptoassets, but banks and regulated fintech institutions face restrictions on customer-facing crypto services. Permitted internal institutional operations require Banco de México approval; these rules are not a blanket ownership ban. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 18 May 2026 |
| FMMicronesia | Oceania | Not verified | A current, jurisdiction-specific regulatory position has not been verified for this directory. Inclusion on the map is not evidence of permission or a prohibition; check the relevant local authority before acting. | No verified source |
| MDMoldova | Europe | NBM has granted no virtual-currency authorisation | The National Bank of Moldova states that so-called virtual currencies are not money in the ordinary sense, have no real backing or monetary-authority guarantee of acceptance as a means of payment, are unsuitable as a payment instrument, and are highly speculative. The Bank says it has granted no authorisation for a virtual-currency trading platform and that its letters must not be treated as permission. A 2026 national-risk-assessment event records that a prudential legal framework is still being developed. | Source Checked 22 Sept 2026 |
| MCMonaco | Europe | Authorisation under Law 1.528; reform bill | Law No. 1.528 of 7 July 2022 requires prior authorisation for digital-asset and crypto-asset services in Monaco, such as exchange, trading platforms and custody. On 6 August 2026 the government filed Bill No. 1131, a MiCA-aligned framework with the CCAF as licensing authority; it had not been adopted by the check date. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026Source 7 Jul 2022 |
| MNMongolia | Asia | FRC VASP registration | Mongolia’s Law on Virtual Asset Service Providers requires companies providing covered exchange, transfer, custody or public-offering services in or from Mongolia to register with the Financial Regulatory Commission. The FRC’s 2024 annual report records a dedicated VASP division and 2024 operating-regulation updates. Registration is supervision, not an endorsement of any named provider or token. | Source Checked 21 Sept 2026Source 17 Dec 2021 |
| MEMontenegro | Europe | AML registration for crypto providers | Montenegro has a Capital Market Authority registration framework for professional cryptoasset providers under AML legislation. Applications include management and beneficial-owner reputation checks. This domestic registration is not an EU MiCA passport. | Source Checked 17 Sept 2026 |
| MSMontserrat | Americas | ECCB does not regulate cryptocurrency; Virtual Assets Bill pending national completion | A 28 March 2022 joint notice by the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank, the Eastern Caribbean Securities Regulatory Commission and Antigua and Barbuda’s FSRC states that Bitcoin ATMs and the services they provide are not regulated by those authorities. A Virtual Assets Bill was approved by the Monetary Council in February 2021 and recommended for enactment in ECCU member countries. Until the appropriate legislative arrangements are in place, the public is advised to proceed with caution. This is a regional regulator caution, not a completed VASP licence in each member and not a criminal ban on private holding. | Source Checked 22 Sept 2026Source 28 Mar 2022 |
| MAMorocco | Africa | Foreign-exchange restrictions | The Office des Changes treats virtual-currency transactions as foreign-exchange violations subject to penalties. A proposed crypto-asset licensing law is published by the government, but this review has not verified an enacted replacement. The proposal should not be read as authorization to transact. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026 |
| MZMozambique | Africa | VASP registration with Banco de Moçambique | Under AML Law 14/2023 and Notice 4/GBM/2023 (in force November 2023), virtual-asset activities such as exchange, transfer and custody may only be carried out by entities registered with Banco de Moçambique, with fines for violations. AML guidelines for VASPs followed in Notice 10/GBM/2024; a 2025 regional report noted no VASP had yet been registered. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026Source 14 Sept 2023 |
| MMMyanmar | Asia | Crypto dealings prohibited by CBM | The Central Bank of Myanmar does not recognise cryptocurrencies as legal tender, has not authorised any institution to deal in them, and has prohibited residents from buying, selling or exchanging unregulated digital currencies (Notification 9/2020). In November 2025 the CBM renewed its warning, telling the public not to buy, sell, transfer or hold crypto assets. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026 |
| NANamibia | Africa | Licensed virtual-asset services | The Virtual Assets Act 2023 establishes Bank of Namibia licensing for service providers. The regulator uses provisional approval followed by an operational licence; provisional approval alone does not permit business. Advertising, custody, client-disclosure and transfer-information rules also apply to the framework. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026 |
| NRNaoero | Oceania | CRVAA virtual-asset licensing regime | Naoero (Nauru) passed the Command Ridge Virtual Asset Authority Act in June 2025, creating an autonomous regulator for virtual-asset service providers. Exchanges, wallets, token issuance, DeFi, stablecoin issuance, digital banking and e-money require CRVAA authorisation; the government describes the licensing regime as in place in 2026. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026Source 17 Jun 2025 |
| NPNepal | Asia | Cryptocurrency transactions prohibited | Nepal Rastra Bank states that cryptocurrency transactions are prohibited under Nepal's monetary and foreign-exchange rules. It distinguishes this prohibition from cryptography, blockchain and distributed-ledger technology, which are not themselves banned when used for other lawful purposes. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026 |
| NLNetherlands | Europe | MiCA framework | EU crypto-asset service-provider authorisation requirements apply. The maximum MiCA transition ended on 1 July 2026; providers without the required authorisation must stop covered services. National rules and activity-specific restrictions still matter; this is not blanket permission for every crypto activity. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 23 Jun 2026 |
| NCNew Caledonia | Oceania | French CMF crypto-asset rules extended; AMF authorisation | Only Code monétaire et financier (CMF) provisions expressly extended by its Book VII apply in New Caledonia. Since 1 July 2026, art. L. 773-40 CMF extends arts L. 54-10-1, L. 54-10-4 and L. 54-10-7, which bar anyone from providing crypto-asset services without authorisation under MiCA (Regulation (EU) 2023/1114) and make the AMF the authority for applications; art. L. 712-7 provides for the economy minister to set the conditions of application of MiCA there. The CMF anti-money-laundering obligations, which cover authorised crypto-asset service providers, are extended by art. L. 773-42. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026 |
| NZNew Zealand | Oceania | Financial-services and AML duties | Crypto exchanges and some wallet services fall within financial-services registration, fair-dealing and AML rules. Additional licensing and disclosure depend on whether the activity involves regulated financial products; requirements vary with the service and token structure. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 1 Jul 2026 |
| NINicaragua | Americas | BCN licence/registration for VASPs | Virtual-asset service providers need a licence or registration from the Banco Central de Nicaragua under the 2025 fintech norm (Resolution CDMF-XIII-2-25) and its implementing regulation. Covered services are exchange, transfer, custody and issuance-related services. Customer fiat funds must be held in segregated bank accounts. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026Source 23 May 2025 |
| NENiger | Africa | No crypto framework; BCEAO caution | Niger follows the WAEMU/BCEAO framework: the 2023 uniform AML law requires prior authorisation for virtual asset service providers. Niger adopted a new AML/CFT/PF ordinance in December 2024. BCEAO says crypto-assets are unregulated in the union and urges caution while regional rules are drafted. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026Source 31 Mar 2023 |
| NGNigeria | Africa | SEC framework; conditional banking | The 2025 securities law expressly covers virtual and digital assets. Regulated providers can access designated bank accounts under CBN conditions; banks cannot trade crypto on their own account. SEC's August 2026 replacement operational rules were published as proposals, not final rules. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026 |
| NUNiue | Oceania | VASPs not prohibited; only STR/CTR duties apply | The APG's 2025 mutual evaluation found that no VASPs operate in Niue and that Niue does not prohibit them. VASPs appear to fall under the Financial Transactions Reporting Act as funds or assets transfer systems, but they are subject only to suspicious and cash transaction reporting and need a general business licence. There is no VASP-specific licensing or risk-based supervision, and Recommendation 15 was rated non-compliant. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026Source 20 Oct 2025 |
| NFNorfolk Island | Oceania | Australian AML/CTF law; AUSTRAC VASP rules | Norfolk Island is an Australian external Territory, and the Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorism Financing Act 2006 expressly extends to every external Territory. Virtual-asset service providers are therefore within the Australian AUSTRAC registration and AML/CTF regime. No separate territory-specific crypto rules were identified. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026 |
| KPNorth Korea | Asia | Not verified | A current, jurisdiction-specific regulatory position has not been verified for this directory. Inclusion on the map is not evidence of permission or a prohibition; check the relevant local authority before acting. | No verified source |
| MKNorth Macedonia | Europe | Not legal tender; NBRM does not regulate cryptoasset trading | The National Bank of the Republic of North Macedonia’s cryptoasset Q&As state that cryptoassets are not legal tender and that it is not allowed to pay in cryptoassets; domestic payments are in denars. The Bank currently has no authority to regulate creation, possession or trading of cryptoassets by domestic economic agents and has no oversight role over them. AML law separately defines virtual assets and VASPs. This is not a VASP licensing regime. | Source Checked 22 Sept 2026 |
| MPNorthern Mariana Islands | Oceania | Federal CVC money-services rules apply | FinCEN’s convertible-virtual-currency money-services-business rules apply in this United States territory. Persons who accept and transmit CVC, or buy and sell CVC, as a business can be money transmitters under the Bank Secrecy Act. Using virtual currency on one’s own behalf is distinguished from providing money transmission. This is federal AML coverage, not a local securities licence and not an endorsement of any named operator. | Source Checked 21 Sept 2026Source 9 May 2019 |
| NONorway | Europe | MiCA authorisation; transition ended | Covered cryptoasset services require MiCA authorisation or an eligible financial institution’s notification. Norway’s transition ended on 1 July 2026; former AML registration alone is insufficient. EEA cross-border services require the applicable passporting notification. | Source Checked 17 Sept 2026 |
| OMOman | Asia | VASP registration required | Providers carrying out virtual-asset activities in Oman must register and comply with anti-money-laundering and counter-terrorist-financing requirements under Decision 35/2023. Registration is a regulatory requirement, not blanket approval of every token or financial service. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 14 Jun 2023 |
| PKPakistan | Asia | Licensed VASPs; conditional banking | The Virtual Assets Act 2026 established PVARA. SBP replaced its 2018 circular on 14 April 2026, permitting conditional banking for licensed providers. NOC holders receive only limited-purpose accounts pending licensing; banks remain barred from investing or trading with their own funds or customer deposits. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 14 Apr 2026 |
| PWPalau | Oceania | VASP licensing frozen; law in development | Palau's Financial Institutions Commission has not licensed new virtual-asset businesses since a March 2019 moratorium, pending a legal framework. The FIC says it is developing VASP legislation with IMF technical assistance. The government has piloted a US-dollar stablecoin and offers a digital-residency ID, but these are not a crypto licensing regime. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026Source 17 Apr 2026 |
| PSPalestine | Asia | PMA: VA trading and VASPs prohibited | The Palestine Monetary Authority states that legislation in force prohibits trading in virtual assets and prohibits any entity from acting as a virtual asset service provider. It urges the public not to deal with crypto platforms or service providers. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026Source 8 May 2023 |
| PAPanama | Americas | No specific crypto regulation; outside SBP competence | Panama’s Superintendency of Banks Notice 5-2018 states that exchange, investment, purchase and trading of Bitcoin and similar instruments have no specific regulation and are not within the Superintendency’s competence. Regulated banks had not requested authorisation to custody, invest, intermediate or operate with those instruments. This is a competence and caution notice, not a VASP licensing regime and not a general criminal ban on private holding. | Source Checked 22 Sept 2026Source 24 Apr 2018 |
| PGPapua New Guinea | Oceania | No VASPs licensed; central-bank warnings | The Bank of Papua New Guinea states it has not licensed any virtual-asset service providers or cryptocurrency-based investment platforms, and warns the public against unlicensed schemes. No specific crypto statute or ban was identified; crypto is not legal tender. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026 |
| PYParaguay | Americas | Not legal tender; crypto-transaction tax reporting | The Banco Central del Paraguay warns that cryptocurrencies are not legal tender and have no discharging force. From fiscal year 2026 the Dirección Nacional de Ingresos Tributarios requires information returns on cryptoasset transactions by local platforms and by residents whose annual cryptoasset transactions exceed USD 5,000. This tax-reporting duty is not a VASP operating licence. | Source Checked 21 Sept 2026Source 16 Nov 2022 |
| PEPeru | Americas | AML-supervised virtual-asset providers | Virtual-asset service providers face UIF-Perú AML supervision, including customer due diligence, compliance officers, transaction records and suspicious-activity reports. These are AML obligations; they should not be read as investment-product approval or a general prudential licence. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 1 Aug 2024 |
| PHPhilippines | Asia | BSP VASP authority; coin-listing guidance | The Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas supervises virtual-asset service providers as money-service businesses under Circular No. 1108 and the MORNBFI-M rules. Covered activities include exchange, transfer and custody. A June 2026 memorandum sets due-diligence expectations for coins listed on VASP platforms; it does not itself licence any named provider. | Source Checked 21 Sept 2026 |
| PNPitcairn | Oceania | No crypto-specific legislation identified | Pitcairn's Constitution applies English common law, equity and statutes of general application only so far as local circumstances and local jurisdiction permit and subject to local Ordinances. The revised Laws of Pitcairn and the later ordinances listed on the government laws page contain no provisions on virtual assets, cryptocurrency or money-laundering supervision. No crypto prohibition was identified. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026 |
| PLPoland | Europe | MiCA framework | EU crypto-asset service-provider authorisation requirements apply. The maximum MiCA transition ended on 1 July 2026; providers without the required authorisation must stop covered services. National rules and activity-specific restrictions still matter; this is not blanket permission for every crypto activity. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 23 Jun 2026 |
| PTPortugal | Europe | MiCA framework | EU crypto-asset service-provider authorisation requirements apply. The maximum MiCA transition ended on 1 July 2026; providers without the required authorisation must stop covered services. National rules and activity-specific restrictions still matter; this is not blanket permission for every crypto activity. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 23 Jun 2026 |
| PRPuerto Rico | Americas | Federal CVC money-services rules apply | FinCEN’s convertible-virtual-currency money-services-business rules apply in this United States territory. Persons who accept and transmit CVC, or buy and sell CVC, as a business can be money transmitters under the Bank Secrecy Act. Using virtual currency on one’s own behalf is distinguished from providing money transmission. This is federal AML coverage, not a local securities licence and not an endorsement of any named operator. | Source Checked 21 Sept 2026Source 9 May 2019 |
| QAQatar | Asia | QFC tokenisation; crypto excluded | The Qatar Financial Centre's 2024 framework allows specified asset-tokenisation services, not general cryptocurrency trading. Cryptocurrencies and stablecoins are excluded tokens, and earlier restrictions remain. This QFC-specific framework should not be read as a nationwide ownership rule. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 2 Sept 2024 |
| CGRepublic of the Congo | Africa | COSUMAF PSAN rules; COBAC bank ban | The Republic of the Congo is subject to CEMAC-wide rules. The 2022 COSUMAF financial-market regulation covers digital tokens and digital-asset service providers (PSAN), but COSUMAF had not published a register of PSAN as of its H1 2025 report. COBAC bars supervised banks and financial institutions from holding or dealing in crypto. No Congo-specific crypto statute was identified in this review. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026Source 9 Dec 2025 |
| RERéunion | Africa | MiCA framework | EU crypto-asset service-provider authorisation requirements apply. The maximum MiCA transition ended on 1 July 2026; providers without the required authorisation must stop covered services. National rules and activity-specific restrictions still matter; this is not blanket permission for every crypto activity. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 23 Jun 2026 |
| RORomania | Europe | MiCA framework | EU crypto-asset service-provider authorisation requirements apply. The maximum MiCA transition ended on 1 July 2026; providers without the required authorisation must stop covered services. National rules and activity-specific restrictions still matter; this is not blanket permission for every crypto activity. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 23 Jun 2026 |
| RURussia | Europe | Trading transition; domestic payment ban | The digital-currency law entered force on 1 September 2026, creating regulated trading channels with investor conditions. Implementing rules and provider transitions continue. Domestic crypto payments remain prohibited; cross-border business payments are treated separately. | Source Checked 17 Sept 2026 |
| RWRwanda | Africa | CMA virtual-asset business law; not legal tender | Rwanda’s Law nº 023/2026 of 25 May 2026, gazetted 28 May 2026, regulates virtual-asset business. The Capital Market Authority is the regulatory authority and licences virtual-asset service providers operating in Rwanda. Virtual assets are not recognised as legal tender and may not be used directly as payment for goods, services or debts unless the Central Bank authorises that use. Natural persons are prohibited from conducting virtual-asset business. This is the statute, not a register of licensed firms. | Source Checked 22 Sept 2026Source 28 May 2026 |
| BLSaint Barthélemy | Americas | French CMF applies; MiCA authorisation required | Following Saint-Barthélemy's 2011 change of status with regard to the EU, art. L. 712-1 of the Code monétaire et financier (CMF) keeps EU banking and financial legislation and anti-money-laundering rules applicable there de plein droit, and art. L. 711-2 makes the CMF itself apply de plein droit. The CMF prohibits providing crypto-asset services without authorisation under MiCA (Regulation (EU) 2023/1114), per art. L. 54-10-4. No Saint-Barthélemy-specific crypto rules were identified. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026 |
| SHSaint Helena | Africa | No crypto-specific rules; FSO and AML law silent on crypto | St Helena licenses financial services under the Financial Services Ordinance 2008 and has a Money Laundering Ordinance 2008. Neither text mentions virtual assets or cryptocurrency, and the Ordinance's list of regulated activities (consolidated to March 2026) covers investments, deposit-taking, advice and money services business but not crypto. In April 2026 the St Helena Government warned the public about a meme-coin scam and said it does not endorse that token. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026Source 26 Mar 2026 |
| KNSaint Kitts and Nevis | Americas | ECCB does not regulate cryptocurrency; Virtual Assets Bill pending national completion | A 28 March 2022 joint notice by the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank, the Eastern Caribbean Securities Regulatory Commission and Antigua and Barbuda’s FSRC states that Bitcoin ATMs and the services they provide are not regulated by those authorities. A Virtual Assets Bill was approved by the Monetary Council in February 2021 and recommended for enactment in ECCU member countries. Until the appropriate legislative arrangements are in place, the public is advised to proceed with caution. This is a regional regulator caution, not a completed VASP licence in each member and not a criminal ban on private holding. | Source Checked 22 Sept 2026Source 28 Mar 2022 |
| LCSaint Lucia | Americas | ECCB does not regulate cryptocurrency; Virtual Assets Bill pending national completion | A 28 March 2022 joint notice by the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank, the Eastern Caribbean Securities Regulatory Commission and Antigua and Barbuda’s FSRC states that Bitcoin ATMs and the services they provide are not regulated by those authorities. A Virtual Assets Bill was approved by the Monetary Council in February 2021 and recommended for enactment in ECCU member countries. Until the appropriate legislative arrangements are in place, the public is advised to proceed with caution. This is a regional regulator caution, not a completed VASP licence in each member and not a criminal ban on private holding. | Source Checked 22 Sept 2026Source 28 Mar 2022 |
| MFSaint Martin (French Part) | Americas | MiCA framework | EU crypto-asset service-provider authorisation requirements apply. The maximum MiCA transition ended on 1 July 2026; providers without the required authorisation must stop covered services. National rules and activity-specific restrictions still matter; this is not blanket permission for every crypto activity. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 23 Jun 2026 |
| PMSaint Pierre and Miquelon | Americas | French CMF applies; MiCA extended by ministerial order | Art. L. 711-2 makes the Code monétaire et financier (CMF) apply de plein droit in Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon, including art. L. 54-10-4, which prohibits providing crypto-asset services without authorisation under MiCA (Regulation (EU) 2023/1114). Art. L. 712-7 provides for the economy minister to set the conditions of application of MiCA in the territory so that it has effects identical to metropolitan France. No territory-specific crypto rules were identified. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026 |
| VCSaint Vincent and the Grenadines | Americas | ECCB does not regulate cryptocurrency; Virtual Assets Bill pending national completion | A 28 March 2022 joint notice by the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank, the Eastern Caribbean Securities Regulatory Commission and Antigua and Barbuda’s FSRC states that Bitcoin ATMs and the services they provide are not regulated by those authorities. A Virtual Assets Bill was approved by the Monetary Council in February 2021 and recommended for enactment in ECCU member countries. Until the appropriate legislative arrangements are in place, the public is advised to proceed with caution. This is a regional regulator caution, not a completed VASP licence in each member and not a criminal ban on private holding. | Source Checked 22 Sept 2026Source 28 Mar 2022 |
| WSSamoa | Oceania | Not legal tender; authorisation required | The Central Bank of Samoa states that cryptocurrencies are not legal tender and that any crypto-related business or investment activity must be properly authorised before operating. There is no dedicated virtual-asset licensing law; the central bank repeatedly warns the public about unregulated crypto schemes. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026 |
| SMSan Marino | Europe | DLT decree; BCSM crypto-asset authorisation | San Marino regulates DLT and crypto-assets under Delegated Decree No. 2/2024, ratified by Delegated Decree No. 138 of 29 August 2024. Banca Centrale Regulation 2024-03 (in force 2 October 2024) governs authorisation of crypto-asset firms. San Marino Innovation is involved in technical assessment and in tokens other than crypto-assets. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026Source 25 Sept 2024 |
| STSao Tome and Principe | Africa | No VASP framework; none operating | São Tomé and Príncipe has no specific legal or regulatory framework for virtual assets or VASPs, no competent supervisor has been designated, and no VASP activity has been registered. In May 2026 the central bank governor described crypto as not yet established in the country and called for a solid regulatory framework. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026 |
| SASaudi Arabia | Asia | Not recognised; outside the regulatory framework | Saudi Arabia’s Ministry of Finance, in a statement hosted by the Saudi Central Bank, warns against dealing or investing in virtual currencies including cryptocurrencies. It states they are not recognised by legal entities in the Kingdom, sit outside the regulatory framework, and are not traded by local financial institutions. Use of the Kingdom’s name, riyal or emblem to market virtual currencies is subject to legal action. This is not a VASP licensing regime. | Source Checked 21 Sept 2026Source 21 Aug 2019 |
| SNSenegal | Africa | No crypto framework; VASP licence required | Senegal's AML law (Law 2024-08, February 2024) makes virtual asset service providers regulated entities that must be licensed or registered, but the competent authority and procedures had not been set out. BCEAO says crypto-assets are unregulated in WAEMU, and Senegal's finance minister has called for a regional framework. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026Source 31 Mar 2023 |
| RSSerbia | Europe | Licensed digital-asset services | Serbia requires licences for covered digital-asset service businesses. The National Bank supervises virtual-currency services, alongside the Securities Commission’s digital-asset responsibilities. Virtual currencies do not have the legal status of money or currency. | Source Checked 17 Sept 2026 |
| SCSeychelles | Africa | VASP authorisation; assessment transition | Seychelles regulates covered virtual-asset services under its 2024 VASP Act, including wallet, exchange, broking and investment services. Qualifying pre-existing businesses that submitted complete applications within the transition may continue while FSA assessment is pending. An assessment entry is not the same as a completed licence approval. | Source Checked 18 Sept 2026 |
| SLSierra Leone | Africa | AML/CFT Act 2024: VASPs must be licensed and supervised | Sierra Leone's Anti-Money Laundering and Combating of Financing of Terrorism and Financing of Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction Act, 2024 (Act No. 4 of 2024) defines virtual assets. Section 103 requires virtual-asset service providers to obtain a licence or register with the relevant supervisory authority before starting operations, apply AML/CFT risk measures and the travel rule, and be subject to risk-based supervision. Operating in breach of these requirements is an offence. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026Source 6 Jun 2024 |
| SGSingapore | Asia | Licensed services; overseas-only limits | Digital-payment-token services are subject to MAS licensing. Licensed providers serving Singapore may also serve overseas customers; overseas-only providers face a separate regime from June 2025, under which MAS generally will not grant licences. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 6 Jun 2025 |
| SXSint Maarten (Dutch part) | Americas | CBCS registration requested ahead of local legislation | The Centrale Bank van Curaçao en Sint Maarten has asked virtual-asset service providers offering services in or from Sint Maarten to register, in anticipation of corresponding local legislation. The 16 May 2024 LID/MOT amendments that make VASP registration mandatory are Curaçao instruments. This is not yet a completed Sint Maarten licensing statute. | Source Checked 21 Sept 2026Source 25 Jun 2024 |
| SKSlovakia | Europe | MiCA framework | EU crypto-asset service-provider authorisation requirements apply. The maximum MiCA transition ended on 1 July 2026; providers without the required authorisation must stop covered services. National rules and activity-specific restrictions still matter; this is not blanket permission for every crypto activity. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 23 Jun 2026 |
| SISlovenia | Europe | MiCA framework | EU crypto-asset service-provider authorisation requirements apply. The maximum MiCA transition ended on 1 July 2026; providers without the required authorisation must stop covered services. National rules and activity-specific restrictions still matter; this is not blanket permission for every crypto activity. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 23 Jun 2026 |
| SBSolomon Islands | Oceania | Unregulated; central-bank warning | The Central Bank of Solomon Islands has said cryptocurrencies are not issued or regulated by it, have no legal tender status, and are risky and speculative; it does not endorse or encourage crypto investment. No crypto-specific law or licensing regime was identified. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026Source 1 Nov 2019 |
| SOSomalia | Africa | CBS warning; no licensed VA services | In a June 2024 public notice, the Central Bank of Somalia said bitcoin, stablecoins and other virtual assets are not legal tender and that no financial institution is licensed to provide virtual-asset services, warning of volatility and financial-crime risks. Somalia has no dedicated virtual-asset licensing regime and no statutory ban on holding. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026 |
| ZASouth Africa | Africa | CASP licensing under FAIS | Providing cryptoasset advice, intermediary or investment-management services requires FSCA authorisation under FAIS; AML obligations also apply. This regulates specified provider activities, not every use of cryptoassets, and does not give cryptoassets legal-tender status. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026 |
| GSSouth Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | Americas | No permanent population; no local crypto rules | South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands is a UK Overseas Territory with its own government that can make laws. It has no permanent human population, only government officers and research and museum staff. No local legislation on virtual assets or crypto was identified on the territory's laws website. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026 |
| KRSouth Korea | Asia | Registered providers; user-asset safeguards | Virtual-asset service providers must register under Korea's anti-money-laundering framework. The Virtual Asset User Protection Act, effective July 2024, adds customer-deposit and asset safeguards, supervision and market-abuse rules; registration does not guarantee an investment's safety. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 17 Jul 2024 |
| SSSouth Sudan | Africa | Central bank warning; no legal status | In October 2022 the Bank of South Sudan warned the public against dealing in virtual currencies such as bitcoin, stating they have no legal status in the country and carry fraud, volatility and money-laundering risks. No regulatory framework for crypto exists. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026Source 6 Oct 2022 |
| ESSpain | Europe | MiCA framework | EU crypto-asset service-provider authorisation requirements apply. The maximum MiCA transition ended on 1 July 2026; providers without the required authorisation must stop covered services. National rules and activity-specific restrictions still matter; this is not blanket permission for every crypto activity. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 23 Jun 2026 |
| LKSri Lanka | Asia | No CBSL licence; cards barred for virtual-currency payments | The Central Bank of Sri Lanka states that it has not licensed or authorised any person to operate cryptocurrency schemes, exchanges, mining, custody or advisory services, and that cryptocurrencies are not legal tender and are unregulated investment instruments. Foreign Exchange Act Direction No. 03 of 2021 bars electronic fund-transfer cards from being used for virtual-currency payments. This is not a complete inventory of private holding. | Source Checked 21 Sept 2026Source 29 Mar 2023 |
| SDSudan | Africa | Central bank warning; no framework | The Central Bank of Sudan warned citizens in March 2022 against dealing in all types of cryptocurrency, saying they are not classified as money or property under Sudanese law. No specific crypto legislation or licensing regime has been enacted. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026Source 28 Mar 2022 |
| SRSuriname | Americas | VASP supervision act adopted Aug 2026 | The Centrale Bank van Suriname asked virtual-asset service providers to register while legislation was prepared. On 21 August 2026 the National Assembly adopted a law on the admission, registration and supervision of VASPs, with the CBvS as supervisor. The law is aligned with FATF Recommendation 15. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026 |
| SJSvalbard and Jan Mayen Islands | Europe | Norwegian AML Act applies; CASPs covered | Norway's Anti-Money Laundering Act expressly applies to Svalbard and Jan Mayen, unless a regulation excludes parts of it. The Act lists crypto-asset service providers, as defined by MiCA, as reporting entities. In mainland Norway, Finanstilsynet supervises MiCA authorisation of crypto-asset service providers. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026 |
| SESweden | Europe | MiCA framework | EU crypto-asset service-provider authorisation requirements apply. The maximum MiCA transition ended on 1 July 2026; providers without the required authorisation must stop covered services. National rules and activity-specific restrictions still matter; this is not blanket permission for every crypto activity. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 23 Jun 2026 |
| CHSwitzerland | Europe | Activity-based licensing and AML | Trading, custody and payment services face Swiss AML duties and, depending on their structure, FINMA authorisation. Banking, FinTech and DLT rules apply to different activities; operating a crypto business does not confer one universal licence. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026 |
| SYSyria | Asia | Central bank: crypto dealings illegal | In an awareness and warning statement dated 18 August 2025, the Central Bank of Syria said cryptocurrencies are not legal tender and are not licensed or supervised by any official body. It said buying and selling transactions in them are illegal, citing the lack of legal regulation and fraud risks. No licensing framework for crypto service providers has been identified. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026Source 19 Aug 2025 |
| TWTaiwan | Asia | AML registration; new Act in transition | Providers must complete FSC anti-money-laundering registration before operating. Taiwan promulgated its Virtual Asset Services Act in July 2026, but the official record flags uncommenced provisions; the new licensing regime must not be treated as fully effective. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 22 Jul 2026 |
| TJTajikistan | Asia | Unregulated; NBT cautions | Tajikistan has no law regulating the circulation of virtual assets. The National Bank says the somoni is the only legal tender and has warned of crypto risks such as volatility and fraud. In December 2025 parliament made the illegal use of electricity to mine virtual assets a criminal offence. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026Source 6 Aug 2025 |
| TZTanzania | Africa | Not legal tender; virtual currency not legally authorised | The Bank of Tanzania’s public notice on cryptocurrencies states that the Tanzanian shilling is the only legal tender, that trading, marketing and use of virtual currency is contrary to existing foreign-exchange regulations, and that virtual currencies are not legally authorised in Tanzania. The Bank is the sole issuer of notes and coins. This is a central-bank caution, not a complete inventory of private holding. | Source Checked 22 Sept 2026 |
| THThailand | Asia | Licensed trading; payment-service limits | Digital-asset businesses require licensing, including qualifying overseas services to Thai residents. Operators generally cannot facilitate crypto payment for goods and services; Bank of Thailand-approved programmable-payment sandbox activity has a narrow exception. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 3 Sept 2024 |
| TLTimor-Leste | Asia | Unregulated; not prohibited | Timor-Leste has no framework for regulating virtual asset service providers and has taken no measures to prohibit virtual-asset activity, according to its 2024 APG mutual evaluation. The evaluation found no VASPs known to be operating in the country. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026 |
| TGTogo | Africa | No crypto framework; VASP licence required | Togo's parliament adopted a new AML/CFT/PF law in December 2025. It transposes the 2023 WAEMU directive and extends due-diligence obligations to virtual asset service providers. No crypto-specific licensing regime has been put in place. BCEAO urges caution and is still drafting regional rules. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026Source 29 Dec 2025 |
| TKTokelau | Oceania | Not verified | A current, jurisdiction-specific regulatory position has not been verified for this directory. Inclusion on the map is not evidence of permission or a prohibition; check the relevant local authority before acting. | No verified source |
| TOTonga | Oceania | Not legal tender; no crypto licences issued | The National Reserve Bank of Tonga says anyone offering crypto-assets for investment in Tonga must be licensed and that no such licence has been issued; investing in crypto offshore is at the individual's own risk. The bank continues to issue crypto-scam warnings. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026Source 15 Jun 2021 |
| TTTrinidad and Tobago | Americas | Temporary VASP prohibition until 31 Dec 2026; TTSEC sandbox | Trinidad and Tobago’s Virtual Assets and Virtual Asset Service Providers Act, 2025 received assent on 23 December 2025. TTSEC’s fact sheet states that conducting virtual-asset activities as a business in or from Trinidad and Tobago is temporarily prohibited until 31 December 2026, except for VASPs authorised into the Commission’s Regulatory Sandbox. The prohibition does not apply to individuals using virtual assets to buy goods and services. Operating as a VASP after the moratorium without authorisation is a criminal offence. | Source Checked 22 Sept 2026Source 23 Dec 2025 |
| TNTunisia | Africa | Central bank prohibition; reform pending | Under foreign-exchange rules, the Central Bank of Tunisia does not recognise cryptocurrencies, and Tunisia is classed as an absolute-ban jurisdiction; a teenager was arrested in 2021 over crypto use. A draft new Foreign Exchange Code that would define crypto-assets and require their declaration to the central bank was still under parliamentary review in mid-2026. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026 |
| TRTürkiye | Asia | Regulated providers; payments banned | Crypto service providers fall under the Capital Markets Board, with operating and custody rules effective from March 2025. The central bank separately prohibits direct or indirect crypto payments. Inclusion on the CMB's transitional operating list is not itself a licence or authorization. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 13 Mar 2025 |
| TMTurkmenistan | Asia | Licensed mining and exchanges (2026 law) | The Law on Virtual Assets, adopted on 22 November 2025 and in force since 1 January 2026, treats virtual assets as civil-law property but not as legal tender, currency or securities. Miners must register with the Central Bank of Turkmenistan, and crypto exchanges and service providers need a central-bank licence. Anonymous wallets are not permitted. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026Source 5 Dec 2025 |
| TCTurks and Caicos Islands | Americas | No VA regime yet; draft bill consulted | Turks and Caicos has no dedicated virtual-asset licensing law in force. In May 2026 the Financial Services Commission consulted on a draft Virtual Assets Business Bill. The bill would require licensing of exchanges, wallet providers, custodians and stablecoin issuers. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026Source 17 Feb 2026 |
| TVTuvalu | Oceania | No crypto-specific laws identified | Searches of Tuvalu's official legislation database (laws consolidated to 2024, plus instruments, bills and gazettes) returned no references to crypto, virtual assets, virtual or digital currency, blockchain or bitcoin. Tuvalu's main anti-money-laundering law, the Proceeds of Crime Act (Cap. 10.25), places customer-verification and reporting duties on financial institutions and cash dealers and contains no virtual-asset provisions. No prohibition was identified. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026 |
| UGUganda | Africa | Not legal tender; supervised institutions barred from VA conversion | Uganda’s Financial Intelligence Authority 2026 virtual-asset risk assessment records that virtual assets are not legal tender and that the Bank of Uganda in April 2022 directed institutions licensed under the National Payment Systems Act and the Financial Institutions Act not to convert virtual assets to fiat or the reverse. Dedicated VASP legislation is described as still being developed. This is not an operating licensing regime. | Source Checked 21 Sept 2026 |
| UAUkraine | Europe | 2022 virtual-assets law not in force | Ukraine’s National Securities and Stock Market Commission states that the virtual-asset market already operates and that draft law No. 10225-d, adopted in first reading, is being prepared for second reading on a MiCA-compatible model. The Commission has previously recorded that Law No. 2074-IX of 2022 did not enter into force. This is not an operating VASP licensing regime. | Source Checked 21 Sept 2026Source 16 Sept 2026 |
| AEUnited Arab Emirates | Asia | Jurisdiction-specific licensing | Virtual-asset services require authorisation from the relevant UAE regulator. VARA licenses Dubai outside DIFC; financial free zones and central-bank-regulated payment tokens follow distinct regimes. In-principle approval is not permission to begin operating. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026 |
| GBUnited Kingdom | Europe | AML and promotion rules; 2027 expansion | Crypto businesses currently face AML registration and financial-promotion rules. The broader authorisation regime has been legislated and final rules published, but its mandatory commencement is 25 October 2027; it is not fully operational yet. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 30 Jun 2026 |
| USUnited States | Americas | Activity-specific rules; reforms in progress | Crypto services face activity-specific securities, commodities and AML rules. The GENIUS stablecoin law has phased implementation; the SEC’s August 2026 offering framework remains a proposal. Neither provides blanket approval for every token or business. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 17 Mar 2026 |
| UMUnited States Minor Outlying Islands | Oceania | Federal CVC money-services rules apply | The United States Minor Outlying Islands are unincorporated (Palmyra: incorporated) US territories with no permanent population. FinCEN's Bank Secrecy Act definitions cover the Territories and Insular Possessions of the United States, so the federal convertible-virtual-currency money-services rules apply; there is no local market or territorial regime. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026 |
| VIUnited States Virgin Islands | Americas | Federal CVC money-services rules apply | FinCEN’s convertible-virtual-currency money-services-business rules apply in this United States territory. Persons who accept and transmit CVC, or buy and sell CVC, as a business can be money transmitters under the Bank Secrecy Act. Using virtual currency on one’s own behalf is distinguished from providing money transmission. This is federal AML coverage, not a local securities licence and not an endorsement of any named operator. | Source Checked 21 Sept 2026Source 9 May 2019 |
| UYUruguay | Americas | PSAV prior authorisation (Circular 2507) | Uruguay’s securities compilation, as amended by Circular 2507 of 16 July 2026, requires prior Superintendencia de Servicios Financieros authorisation for virtual-asset service providers that professionally exchange virtual assets for fiat, among other listed services. Providers already active when the resolution took effect have until 30 June 2027 to adapt. Authorisation is not a finding about any named firm. | Source Checked 21 Sept 2026Source 16 Jul 2026 |
| UZUzbekistan | Asia | Resident-provider licensing and asset limits | Uzbekistan's NAPP licenses crypto exchanges, mining pools, crypto depositories and crypto stores, with a separate licence for each activity. Licensed activities are limited to resident legal entities. Provider conditions include local-server and financial-crime controls and prohibit operations involving anonymous cryptoassets; these are specific provider restrictions, not a blanket ban on every cryptoasset. | Source Checked 18 Sept 2026 |
| VUVanuatu | Oceania | Activity-specific VASP licensing | Vanuatu requires a VFSC licence for covered virtual-asset service businesses under its 2025 Act, as consolidated in 2026. Different licence classes cover exchange, transfer, custody and issuance-related financial services. Only companies may conduct VASP business; banks or their subsidiaries need Reserve Bank approval before applying for the relevant bank licence class. | Source Checked 18 Sept 2026 |
| VEVenezuela | Americas | Legal; regulator restructuring; mining curbs | Crypto-assets are governed by a 2019 constituent decree, administered by SUNACRIP. SUNACRIP has been under repeated government restructuring since March 2023 after a corruption probe. In May 2024 the authorities announced that crypto miners would be disconnected from the national grid. Legislators said in mid-2026 that the framework needs updating. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026Source 25 Sept 2024 |
| VNVietnam | Asia | Licensed crypto-market pilot | Vietnam operates a regulated crypto-market pilot under Resolution 05/2025. Authorities began accepting exchange-service licence applications in January 2026. Penalties for providing or advertising unlicensed crypto-market services took effect on 1 September 2026; an application is not proof that a platform is licensed. | Source Checked 16 Sept 2026Source 20 Jan 2026 |
| WFWallis and Futuna Islands | Oceania | French CMF crypto-asset rules extended; AMF authorisation | Only Code monétaire et financier (CMF) provisions expressly extended by its Book VII apply in Wallis and Futuna. Since 1 July 2026, art. L. 775-34 CMF extends arts L. 54-10-1, L. 54-10-4 and L. 54-10-7, which bar anyone from providing crypto-asset services without authorisation under MiCA (Regulation (EU) 2023/1114) and make the AMF the authority for applications; art. L. 712-7 provides for the economy minister to set the conditions of application of MiCA there. The CMF anti-money-laundering obligations, which cover authorised crypto-asset service providers, are extended by art. L. 775-36. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026 |
| EHWestern Sahara | Africa | Disputed; Moroccan-administered areas: exchange-control warning | Western Sahara is a disputed territory; according to the UN mission MINURSO, Morocco administers the parts of the territory west of the berm, with Frente POLISARIO forces to the east. In areas under Moroccan administration, Morocco's Office des Changes stated in November 2017 that transactions using virtual currencies infringe exchange-control regulations and are subject to penalties. Morocco published a draft crypto-assets law (No. 42.25) in 2025; its enactment was not verified. No territory-specific crypto rules were identified. | Source Checked 1 Oct 2026Source 20 Nov 2017 |
| YEYemen | Asia | Not verified | A current, jurisdiction-specific regulatory position has not been verified for this directory. Inclusion on the map is not evidence of permission or a prohibition; check the relevant local authority before acting. | No verified source |
| ZMZambia | Africa | VASP registration; not a licence | The Bank of Zambia’s 2026 public notice requires resident and non-resident persons providing virtual-asset services in Zambia to register. Registration is to build a database and assess activity. The Bank states that a comprehensive regulatory framework will be released in due course and that registered VASPs will have to comply with it. From 30 March 2026, BoZ-regulated entities may not facilitate transactions to or from unregistered VASPs. Registration is expressly not described as an operating licence. | Source Checked 22 Sept 2026 |
| ZWZimbabwe | Africa | Not legal tender; banks barred from virtual-currency business | The Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe states that virtual currencies have no legal tender status, that it has not authorised any person or exchange for their issuance, sale, purchase or investment, and that investors have no regulatory recourse. A circular to banks requires institutions not to use, trade, hold or transact in virtual currencies and not to provide banking services that facilitate virtual-currency dealing. This is not a complete inventory of private holding. | Source Checked 21 Sept 2026Source 20 Dec 2017 |
Snapshot updated 14 October 2026. Each entry shows its own source-review date; older reviews have not been relabelled as current. This directory is not legal advice or continuous monitoring. Source-checked means the linked primary material was reviewed on the recorded date, not that every local rule or recent amendment has been exhaustively checked. EU entries describe MiCA’s common framework, not a full national-law review. Unverified entries deliberately carry no inherited legality claim. Coverage follows the UN country/area roster, plus Taiwan, Kosovo and the European Union. Countries and territories are not all sovereign states; regional groups do not determine legal treatment.